KUMJ | VOL. 24 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 94 | JANUARY - MARCH, 2026

Current Trend in Bacteriological Profile and Antibiograms of Urinary Tract Infection at a Tertiary Care Center in Nepal
Rana Magar SB, Madhup SK, Sapkota P, Simkhada N, Shahukhala S, Pathak S, Kharbuja K, Tamrakar D, Shrestha J, Boyle M, Posada R

Abstract:
Background Urinary tract infections pose a significant global public health threat due to increasing multi-drug resistance among the uropathogens. Therefore, continuous surveillance and profiling of uropathogens and their antibiogram is essential to guide efficient empirical therapy. Objective To explore and display the etiological profile of urinary tract infection and their antibiograms at a tertiary care center. Method This is a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at Dhulikhel Hospital (January 2023 to December 2024) under Anti-microbial stewardship program, analyzing laboratory records of urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testings. STATA 17 and R software (version 4.5.0) were used for calculation of frequency, percentage and mean. Chi-square test was applied to determine association where p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Ethical approval was obtained from KUSMS-IRC. Result Overall urine culture positivity was 16.4% (4263/25983), including 113 fungal growths, and 211 dual organism growths. Out of the total bacterial species isolated (n=4361), Escherichia coli predominated (63.2%). Overall, multidrug resistance rate was 45.9%. Escherichia coli showed high resistance to ampiclillin (71.8%), cefixime (55.4%), ceftriaxone (47.4%), ciprofloxacin (49.1%) and norfloxacin (38.3%). Overall prevalence of carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacilli accounted for 8.9%. Enterocccus species were the most common gram-positive cocci with 6.1% of vancomycin-resistant isolates. Conclusion The increasing multi-drug resistance rate among uropathogens, along with evidence of carbapenem resistance and vancomycin resistance warrant for urgent need of continuation of surveillance and strengthening of antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.
Keyword : Antibioigram, Multi-drug resistance, Urinary tract infections