KUMJ | VOL. 24 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 96 | JULY-SEPTEMBER, 2026

Questionnaire Validation for Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Eye Care Practitioners for Evaluation and Treatment of Amblyopia
Thakur AK, Gupta A, Joshi N, Bhatta S, Aryal SK, Mishra SK

Abstract:
Amblyopia is a common vision disorder in children, especially in developing nations including Nepal, where regular eye screening is limited. Despite various levels of eye care providers managing amblyopia, the absence of standardized guidelines leads to inconsistent evaluation and treatment practices.This study sought to create a validated questionnaire to assess clinician practices in management of anisometropic amblyopia aiming to support the development of standardized protocols. A committee of three clinicians (an ophthalmologist, optometrist, and ophthalmic assistant) identified key domains and drafted questions. The draft questionnaire was reviewed by 50 experts for content validation, with qualitative and quantitative assessments conducted. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated. Construct validation involved responses from 30 clinicians, followed by factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation. Composite reliability and average variance extracted (AVE) were computed to assess construct validity. Of the 50 experts, 25 were optometrists and 25 were ophthalmologists. Five key domains were identified. Descriptive feedback from respondents was analysed, and decisions on incorporating changes were made unanimously by the committee. The CVI exceeded 0.7 for all domains, indicating strong content validity. Construct validity was confirmed, with composite reliability values surpassing the AVE for each domain. This study developed a validated questionnaire to assess clinician practice patterns in amblyopia evaluation and management and provides a foundation for evaluating amblyopia-related eye health practices, addressing a critical gap in standardized care.
Keyword : Anisometropic amblyopia, Content validity index (CVI), Construct validity, Standardized protocols, Questionnaire validation